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[cf. the discussion preceding [Pano], Theorem 4.1].
(ii) Explicit examples of connections to classical theories: Next, we review
various explicit examples of connections between inter-universal Teichm¨uller theory, as
exposed thus far in the present paper, and various classical theories:
(1cls) Recall from the discussion of §2.10 that the notion of a “universe”, as well as
the use of multiple universes within the discussion of a single set-up in arithmetic
geometry, already occurs in the mathematics of the 1960’s, i.e., in the mathematics
of Galois categories and ´etale topoi associated to schemes [cf. [SGA1], [SGA4]].

(2cls) One important aspect of the appearance of universes in the theory of Galois
categories is the inner automorphism indeterminacies that occur when one
relates Galois categories associated to distinct schemes via a morphism between such
schemes [cf. [SGA1], Expos´e V, §5, §6, §7]. These indeterminacies may be regarded
as distant ancestors, or prototypes, of the more drastic indeterminacies ? cf.,
e.g., the indeterminacies (Ind1), (Ind2), (Ind3) discussed in §3.7, (i) ? that occur
in inter-universal Teichm¨uller theory.

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