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https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corps_fini
Corps fini
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4 Histoire
4.1 Congruences et imaginaires de Galois
4.3 Applications theoriques
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History
The theory of finite fields first develops, like the study of congruences, on integers and on polynomials, then from the very end of the nineteenth century, as part of a general theory of commutative bodies.

Congruences and imaginations of Galois
The study of the first finite fields is systematically treated, in the form of congruences, by Gauss in his Disquisitiones arithmeticae published in 1801,
but many of these properties had already been established by Fermat, Euler, Lagrange and Legendre, among others.

In 1830 Evariste Galois published28 what is considered as the founding article of the general theory of finite bodies. Galois, who claims to be inspired by Gauss's work on entire congruences, deals with polynomial congruences, for an irreducible polynomial with coefficients taken themselves modulo a prime number p.
More precisely, Galois introduces an imaginary root of a congruence P (x) = 0 modulo a prime number p, where P is an irreducible polynomial modulo p. He notes i this root and works on expressions:
a + a1 i + a2 i2 + ... + an-1 in-1 where n is the degree of P.

Retraduced in modern terms, Galois shows that these expressions form a cardinality body pn, and that the multiplicative group is cyclic (Kleiner 1999,).
He also notes that an irreducible polynomial that has a root in this body, has all its roots in it, that is, it is a normal extension of its first subfield ( Lidl and Niederreiter 1997).
He uses the identity given by what has been called since the Frobenius automorphism (Van der Waerden 1985).
In 1846, Liouville, at the same time as he published Galois' famous memoir on the resolution of polynomial equations, republished this article in his Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics.
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